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Interstate 95 in New York

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This article is about the section of Interstate 95 in New York. For the entire route, see Interstate 95.

Interstate 95 marker
Interstate 95
Map
Map of northern New York City and southern Westchester County with I-95 highlighted in red
Route information
Maintained by NYSDOT, NYSTA and PANYNJ
Length23.50 mi[1] (37.82 km)
ExistedAugust 14, 1957[2]–present
NHSEntire route
Major junctions
South end I-95 / US 1-9 / US 46 at the New Jersey state line in Manhattan
Major intersections
North end I-95 at the Connecticut state line in Port Chester
Location
CountryUnited States
StateNew York
CountiesNew York, Bronx, Westchester
Highway system
← NY 94→ NY 95

Interstate 95 (I-95) is part of the Interstate Highway System and runs from Miami, Florida, to the Canada–United States border near Houlton, Maine. In the US state of New York, I-95 extends 23.50 miles (37.82 km) from the George Washington Bridge in New York City to the Connecticut state line at Port Chester. The George Washington Bridge carries I-95 across the Hudson River from New Jersey into New York City. There, I-95 runs across Upper Manhattan on the Trans-Manhattan Expressway for 0.81 miles (1.30 km) through Washington Heights. It continues east across the Harlem River on the Alexander Hamilton Bridge and onto the Cross Bronx Expressway. In the Bronx, I-95 leaves the Cross Bronx at the Bruckner Interchange, joining the Bruckner Expressway to its end. North of the interchange with Pelham Parkway, it then continues northeast via the New England Thruway (which is part of the New York State Thruway system) out of New York City into Westchester County and to the Connecticut state line, where I-95 continues on the Connecticut Turnpike.

The Trans-Manhattan Expressway also carries US Route 1. Approximately 280,000 vehicles traverse the expressway on a daily average basis.[3] Completed in 1960, the expressway is located below ground level, in an open cut; however, the George Washington Bridge Bus Station and the highrise Bridge Apartments are built over the expressway, creating intermittent tunnels. It is maintained by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ).[4] Although the highway geographically runs east–west, it carries the north–south routings of I-95 and US 1. The westbound lanes carry the southbound designations of both routes, while the eastbound lanes carry the northbound designations.

Route description

[edit]

Manhattan

[edit]
Road and apartments over the Trans-Manhattan Expressway

At its western end, the Trans-Manhattan Expressway is part of I-95, US 1, and US 9 at the eastern approach to the George Washington Bridge. It crosses Fort Washington Park, connecting with the Henry Hudson Parkway (NY 9A) at the park's eastern edge near Riverside Drive and 168th Street.[5] The route continues, crossing the Manhattan neighborhood of Washington Heights in a cut flanked by 178th Street to the south and 179th Street to the north. Roughly midway across Manhattan, US 9 leaves the freeway to follow Broadway northward toward the Bronx and Westchester County. Proceeding eastward, the road has several ramps that connect to the Harlem River Drive and the expressway's original Harlem River crossing, the Washington Bridge (now carrying 181st Street local traffic over the Harlem River). At Highbridge Park, the roadway crosses the Alexander Hamilton Bridge to the Bronx, where it becomes the Cross Bronx Expressway.[6]

The Trans-Manhattan Expressway replaced tunnels under 178th and 179th Streets as the crosstown route.

The expressway was announced in 1957 and built in conjunction with the addition of the lower level of the George Washington Bridge.[7] Originally known as the George Washington Bridge Expressway,[8] the highway was originally planned as an open cut between 178th and 179th Streets, traversed by overpasses carrying the major north–south avenues in upper Manhattan. The City of New York approved the creation of the highway in June 1957 as part of a joint effort with the Port Authority that also called for the creation of the lower deck on the George Washington Bridge and construction of the George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal above the cut for the Expressway.[9] The expressway, the main New York approach to the George Washington Bridge, is only 0.8 miles long.[10] The projects required demolition of numerous buildings and the relocation of 1,824 families.[11] Overpasses over the open cut passing under Broadway, Wadsworth Avenue, and St. Nicholas Avenue were in place in December 1959.[12]

The George Washington Bridge Expressway, with three lanes of traffic heading in each direction to and from each deck of the double-decked bridge, opened to traffic in 1962 as part of a $60 million program to improve access roads for the George Washington Bridge, whose lower deck opened that same year.[13]

The expressway was one of the first to use air rights over a major highway. After completion of the expressway, the George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal was built.[4] After purchasing the air rights in 1961, Marvin Kratter built four high-rise apartment buildings, known as the Bridge Apartments, over the expressway. The 32-story buildings are among the first aluminum-sheathed high-rise structures built in the world.[14] Local traffic reporters frequently refer to congestion "under the Apartments" during morning and evening rush hours.[15]

The Bronx

[edit]
See also: Cross Bronx Expressway and Bruckner Expressway
Southbound I-95 (Bruckner Expressway) at Westchester Avenue adjacent to Pelham Bay Park

After exit 2, I-95 crosses over the Harlem River and enters the Bronx, entering an interchange with the Major Deegan Expressway (I-87), which is marked both exit 1C (following with the Cross Bronx Expressway) and exit 3A–B (matching with the Trans-Manhattan Expressway). Now the Cross Bronx Expressway, I-95 and US 1 continue east under University Avenue and enter exit 2A, which serves Jerome Avenue. Crossing under the Grand Concourse, the six-lane expressway crosses into exit 2B, which is for Webster Avenue. This interchange also marks the eastern end of the I-95/US 1 concurrency. Passing south of Tremont Park, the Cross Bronx Expressway westbound serves exit 3, which serves Third Avenue.[6]

At East 176th Street, the Cross Bronx Expressway turns southeast, entering exit 4A eastbound, which marks the northern terminus of NY 895 (Sheridan Boulevard). After crossing the Bronx River, the expressway enters a full interchange, exit 4B, with the Bronx River Parkway.[6] After a curve from the parkway, the Cross Bronx Expressway begins paralleling East 177th Street[16] and enters exit 5A, which connects to White Plains Road in Parkchester. Continuing southeast, the roadway enters exit 5B, Castle Hill Avenue, which is an eastbound-only exit. After Castle Hill Avenue, the route enters exit 6A, which reaches the Hutchinson River Parkway at the Bruckner Interchange. Changing to the Bruckner Expressway, which runs to the northeast, I-95 enters the Bruckner Interchange with the northern terminuses of I-678 and I-278; the Cross Bronx Expressway Extension turns southeast along I-295 at the same interchange.[6]

Northbound I-95 (New England Thruway) at Dyre Avenue in the Bronx

After the Bruckner Interchange, I-95 crosses Tremont Avenue before crossing over I-695 (the Throgs Neck Expressway). Southbound, exit 7A serves I-695, while northbound the two Interstates merge. Continuing north, the Bruckner Expressway and I-95 parallel Bruckner Boulevard and run along the western edge of Pelham Bay Park. Entering exit 8A southbound services Westchester Avenue while northbound, exits 8B and 8C serve Pelham Parkway and Shore Road through the park, which marks the northern end of the Bruckner Expressway. Now known as the New England Thruway, I-95 leaves Pelham Bay Park and enters exit 9, a junction with the Hutchinson River Parkway. In the middle of the interchange with the Hutchinson River, exit 10 forks to the left, reaching Gun Hill Road.[6]

Now paralleling Baychester Avenue, which also services exit 11 and Bartow Avenue, the New England Thruway continues north and enters exit 12 which connects to Baychester. US 1, NY 22 and Conner Street are connected to via exit 13 before I-95 turns east and crosses over the Hutchinson River. After crossing the river, the route enters an interchange once again with the Hutchinson River Parkway (exit 14) but this time southbound only.[6]

Westchester

[edit]
Shield for the New England Thruway used between 1958 and 1970.

Crossing through the northern reaches of Pelham Bay Park, I-95 turns more northeast and enters Westchester County. Now in Pelham Manor, the route crosses through Pelham Country Club, entering exit 15, which connects to US 1 (Main Street). After US 1, the route crosses out of the Pelham Country Club, entering New Rochelle.[6]

Crossing over Metro-North Railroad tracks, the Interstate turns northeast and crossing through downtown New Rochelle, reaching exit 16, serving several local streets including Cross Avenue, Cedar Street, and Garden Street. North of exit 16, the New England Thruway enters its lone toll gantry along the alignment, serving the northbound direction only. The road continues northeast through New Rochelle, passing exit 17 as it enters the town of Mamaroneck. Exit 17 connects to Chatsworth Avenue in the Larchmont section. Passing a pedestrian footbridge for the Larchmont station, crossing over NY 125 (Weaver Street). Winding north through Mamaroneck, I-95 enters exit 18A, servicing Fenimore Road in the village of Mamaroneck.[6]

Turning northeast again, I-95 enters exit 18B, a partial cloverleaf interchange with Mamaroneck Avenue before crossing into the town of Harrison. The road turns east, crossing over NY 127 (Harrison Avenue), and enters exit 19, the western terminus of Playland Parkway, which connects the expressway to Playland as the road enters Rye. The route crosses through the Rye Village area, entering exit 20, which connects to US 1 (Boston Post Road) and the village. Almost immediately after exit 20, exit 21 marks the eastern end of the Cross Westchester Expressway (I-287). Proceeding westbound, exit 21 and nearby exit 22 (Midland Avenue and Port Chester) are merged but are separate exits going eastbound. Crossing through the eastern edges of Port Chester, I-95 reaches the Byram River and crosses into Connecticut, becoming the Connecticut Turnpike.[6]

History

[edit]
See also: Trans-Manhattan Expressway § History, Cross Bronx Expressway § History, and Bruckner Expressway § History
Congestion along the Cross Bronx at Exit 2A

Robert Moses first recommended the construction of what became the New England Thruway in 1940. Construction began in 1951, but major work on the highway did not commence until 1956–1957. By 1950, the New York State Thruway Authority (NYSTA) assumed control of the construction and made the New England Thruway a part of the thruway toll system.[17] Construction lasted until 1961.

I-95 was assigned on August 14, 1957, as part of the establishment of the Interstate Highway System[2] and has always run along its current path in New York. The route was overlaid on the under-construction New England Thruway northeast of New York City and assigned to the then-proposed Cross Bronx and Bruckner expressways through New York City.[18] The thruway opened in October 1958, connecting the Bruckner Expressway and the Connecticut Turnpike.[19] The final sections of the Cross Bronx and Bruckner expressways were finished in 1963 and 1972, respectively. Prior to the 1972 completion of the Bruckner Expressway, coinciding with the completion of the new Bruckner Interchange, the old Bruckner Boulevard (once part of NY 164) was used by through traffic.[20][21]

Trans-Manhattan Expressway

[edit]
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Trans-Manhattan Expressway
KML is not from Wikidata

The Trans-Manhattan Expressway replaced tunnels under 178th and 179th streets as the crosstown route.

The expressway was announced in 1957 and built in conjunction with the addition of the lower level of the George Washington Bridge.[22] Originally known as the George Washington Bridge Expressway,[23] the highway was originally planned as an open cut between 178th and 179th streets, traversed by overpasses carrying the major north–south avenues in Upper Manhattan. The City of New York approved the creation of the highway in June 1957 as part of a joint effort with the PANYNJ that also called for the creation of the lower deck on the George Washington Bridge and construction of the George Washington Bridge Bus Station above the cut for the expressway.[24] The expressway, the main New York approach to the George Washington Bridge, is only 0.8 miles (1.3 km) long.[10] The projects required demolition of numerous buildings and the relocation of 1,824 families.[25] Overpasses over the open cut passing under Broadway, Wadsworth Avenue, and St. Nicholas Avenue were in place in December 1959.[26]

The George Washington Bridge Expressway, with three lanes of traffic heading in each direction to and from each deck of the double-decked George Washington Bridge, opened to traffic in 1962 as part of a $60-million (equivalent to $463 million in 2023[27]) program to improve access roads for the George Washington Bridge, whose lower deck opened that same year.[28] The Trans-Manhattan Expressway provides access to and from the Henry Hudson Parkway and Riverside Drive on the West Side of Manhattan and to and from Tenth Avenue and the Harlem River Drive on the East Side.

The expressway was one of the first to use air rights over a major highway. After completion of the expressway, the George Washington Bridge Bus Station was built.[4] After purchasing the air rights in 1961, Marvin Kratter built four highrise apartment buildings, known as the Bridge Apartments, over the expressway. The 32-story buildings are among the first aluminum-sheathed highrise structures built in the world.[14] Local traffic reporters frequently refer to congestion "under the Apartments" during morning and evening rush hours.[29]

Exit numbers

[edit]

The first change to exit numbers along the New England Thruway section of I-95 was in April 1980 when the section was converted for sequential exits.[30] Prior to the change, the Cross Bronx/Bruckner Expressway and New England Thruway sections had different exit numbering systems. More specifically, exit 19 on the Bruckner Expressway was followed immediately by exit 2 on the New England Thruway. As a result, because exit numbers on I-95 repeated themselves in close succession, the old exit numbering system frequently caused confusion.[31]

As part of an experiment, I-95 was one of the few roads in New York to receive mileage-based exit numbers. This was implemented over both the PANYNJ section and the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) section of the highway (exits 1A–8C). The thruway section (which had originally carried its own sequential exit numbers) was then renumbered by the NYSTA to a system of sequential numbers starting from 9 (where the mileage-based system left off). This led to a situation in which exits 1 through 8 were mileage-based (all but one of which contained lettered suffixes as a result) and exits 9 through 22 were sequential.

During the late 1970s, and 1980s, in various stages, the mid-mast cuptlight-luminaire, a variant of high-mast lighting, lamps were installed onto the entire New England Thruway. These lights remain there to this day, although they've been recently replaced by LED luminaires since 2015.

Around 2005, NYSDOT began a project to renumber I-95 with sequential numbers throughout. However, the idea never fully got traction with all three agencies. The PANYNJ did complete the renumbering on its section of the road. NYSDOT itself renumbered only one section of the road in Parkchester. Meanwhile, the NYSTA did not renumber any of the exits on its stretch of the road. This led to a situation from 2005 through 2012 in which some exits were signed with two different numbers, while some numbers were repeated twice, but only on some of the signs.

Finally, in 2012, NYSDOT restored the mileage-based numbers to its portion of the highway, which once again line up with the thruway portion. This has eliminated all of the exit number conflicts, with one exception. The exception exists because the PANYNJ has not changed the numbers back on its portion of the road creating a confusing situation at the Amsterdam Avenue exit, which is maintained by NYSDOT southbound but the PANYNJ northbound. The exit is signed as exit 1B southbound (which is the proper number within the mileage-based), but as exit 2 northbound (a holdover from the failed renumbering project).

Exit list

[edit]

Exit numbers on the New England Thruway (north of exit 8C) are sequential,[32] but exit numbers on the remaining section are mileage-based.

CountyLocationmi
[33][34][35]		kmOld exitNew exitDestinationsNotes
Hudson River0.000.00

 I-95 south / US 1-9 south (US 46 west) – New Jersey		Continuation into New Jersey at the river’s center
0.00–
0.43		0.00–
0.69		George Washington Bridge (northbound toll in New Jersey)
New YorkWashington Heights0.430.6911 NY 9A / Henry Hudson Parkway / West 178th Street (US 9 north)Northbound exit and southbound entrance; signed exit 1A on upper level; exit 14 on NY 9A/H.H. Parkway; northern end of US 9 overlap
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): borough
11A NY 9A / Henry Hudson Parkway / West 181st Street – DowntownSouthbound exit and northbound entrance; exit 14 on NY 9A/H.H. Parkway
1.161.8722


 Harlem River Drive south to FDR Drive south – Manhattan		Northbound exit and southbound entrance; exit 24 on Harlem River Drive
—

 I-95 south / US 1 south – George Washington Bridge Upper Level		Southern terminus of Upper Level lanes; all trucks to New Jersey
Harlem River1.24–
1.41		2.00–
2.27		Alexander Hamilton Bridge
BronxMorris Heights1.412.2721BTo Amsterdam AvenueSouthbound exit and northbound entrance; access via Washington Bridge
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): borough
31C-D I-87 (Major Deegan Expressway) – Albany, QueensSigned as exits 1C (north) and 1D (south); exits 7N-S on I-87
2.083.3542AJerome Avenue
Tremont2.664.2852B
 US 1 north (Webster Avenue)		Northbound exit and southbound entrance; northern end of US 1 overlap
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): borough
2.954.7563

 Third Avenue to US 1 north (Webster Avenue)		Southbound exit and northbound entrance
West Farms3.976.3974A
 NY 895 south (Sheridan Boulevard) – RFK Bridge, Hunts Point Market		Northbound exit and southbound entrance; former I-895
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): borough
Soundview4.346.9884B
 Bronx River Parkway north / Rosedale Avenue		Exit 4 on Bronx River Parkway; serves Bronx Zoo
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): borough
Parkchester5.058.1395AWhite Plains Road / Westchester Avenue
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): borough
Castle Hill5.609.01105BCastle Hill AvenueNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): borough
Throggs Neck
(Bruckner Interchange)		5.76–
6.02		9.27–
9.69		116A
 I-678 south / Bruckner Boulevard – Whitestone Bridge, Queens		No northbound access to Bruckner Boulevard; northern terminus and exits 19N-S on I-678
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): borough
126B
 I-295 south (Cross Bronx Expressway) – Throgs Neck Bridge		Northbound exit and southbound entrance; northern terminus of I-295

 I-278 west (Bruckner Expressway) – RFK Bridge, Manhattan		Southbound exit and northbound entrance; eastern terminus of I-278
Transition between Cross Bronx and Bruckner Expressways
Schuylerville7.40–
7.70		11.91–
12.39		137A


 I-695 south to I-295 south – Throgs Neck Bridge, Long Island		Southbound exit and northbound entrance; northern terminus of I-695
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): borough
147BEast Tremont AvenueSouthbound exit only
Country Club157CCountry Club Road – Pelham Bay ParkNorthbound exit and entrance
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): borough
8.4013.52168AWestchester AvenueSouthbound exit and entrance
Pelham Bay Park8.6613.9417-188
 Pelham Parkway west – Orchard Beach, City Island		Signed as exits 8B (Orchard) and 8C (Pelham) southbound; access to Orchard Beach via Shore Road
Transition between Bruckner Expressway and New England Thruway
8.9914.4719
1		9
 Hutchinson River Parkway north		Exit 2A-B on Hutchinson Parkway; no direct access to Hutchinson River Parkway south
Baychester210Gun Hill RoadNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): borough
9.56–
9.71		15.39–
15.63		311Bartow Avenue / Co-op City Boulevard
412Baychester AvenueNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
Eastchester10.8217.41513
 US 1 / NY 22 north / Conner Street / Baychester Avenue		US 1 / NY 22 not signed; Baychester Avenue not signed northbound
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): borough
Pelham Bay Park11.4118.36614
 Hutchinson River Parkway south – Whitestone Bridge		Southbound exit and northbound entrance; exit 4A on Hutchinson Parkway
WestchesterNew Rochelle13.0420.99715 US 1 (Boston Post Road) – New Rochelle, The Pelhams
14.2022.85816North Avenue / Cedar Street – New RochelleServes New Rochelle station
15.6025.11917Chatsworth Avenue – LarchmontNorthbound exit (tolled) and southbound entrance; serves Larchmont station
New Rochelle Toll Gantry (northbound only)
Village of Mamaroneck17.5728.2810A18AFenimore Road – MamaroneckNorthbound exit only
18.4629.7110B18BMamaroneck Avenue – Mamaroneck, White PlainsSigned as exits 18A (east) and 18B (west) southbound; serves Mamaroneck station
City of Rye20.9133.651119Playland Parkway east – Rye, HarrisonWestern terminus of Playland Parkway
22.1435.631220
 US 1 south – Rye		Northbound exit and southbound entrance
22.54–
22.68		36.27–
36.50		1321

 I-287 west / US 1 north / Midland Avenue – White Plains, Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge, Port Chester, Rye		Signed as exits 21 (I-287) and 22 (Midland) northbound; no southbound access to US 1; eastern terminus and exit 12 on I-287
Byram River23.4437.72Byram River Bridge

 I-95 north – New Haven		Continuation into Connecticut
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

G.W. Bridge Upper Level lanes

[edit]

The entire route is in the New York City borough of Manhattan. 

Locationmi
[33][34]		kmOld exitNew exitDestinationsNotes
Hudson River0.000.00


 I-95 south / US 1-9 south / US 46 west (Upper Level) – New Jersey		Continuation into New Jersey at the river’s center
0.00–
0.43		0.00–
0.69		George Washington Bridge (northbound toll in New Jersey)
Washington Heights0.430.6911A NY 9A / Henry Hudson Parkway / West 178th Street (US 9 north)Northbound exit and southbound entrance; exit 14 on NY 9A/H.H. Parkway; northern end of US 9 overlap
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): borough

 US 9 south (West 179th Street)		Southbound entrance only; northern end of US 9 overlap
1.161.8722


 Harlem River Drive south to FDR Drive south – Manhattan		Northbound exit and southbound entrance; exit 24 on Harlem River Drive
1.21.9

 I-95 north / US 1 north (Alexander Hamilton Bridge)		Northern terminus of Upper Level lanes
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Auxiliary routes

[edit]

Current

[edit]

Former

[edit]
  • I-895, also known as the Sheridan Expressway, was a short connection from I-278 to I-95 in the Bronx.[36] It was planned to continue north from I-95 to rejoin it near Pelham Bay Park, making it another bypass road.[43][44] I-895 was downgraded to NY 895 in 2017[45] and was converted to a boulevard between 2018 and 2019.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Starks, Edward (January 27, 2022). "Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways". FHWA Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
  2. ^ a b Official route numbering for the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways (Map). American Association of State Highway Officials. August 14, 1957.
  3. ^ "New York State Department of Transportation Traffic Volume Report 2011 – Page 80" (PDF). September 25, 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2013.
  4. ^ a b c "6.12: Roadway Open Cuts: 6.12: Roadway Open Manhattan" (PDF). www.nyc.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  5. ^ "1076 Riverside Dr" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Microsoft; Nokia. "overview map of Interstate 95" (Map). Bing Maps. Microsoft. Retrieved September 25, 2013.
  7. ^ Ingraham, Joseph C. (February 18, 1957). "New Bridge Links Planned Uptown; Double Decking of George Washington Span to Bring Vast Changes in Area". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  8. ^ Ingraham, Joseph C. (January 1, 1961). "Around the Town: New York City's System of Bypasses is Beginning to Take Shape". The New York Times. p. X17. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
  9. ^ Bennett, Charles G. (June 14, 1957). "City Votes Change in Hudson Bridge – Port Agency Gets Go-Ahead for $183,000,000 Work on George Washington Span". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved December 3, 2008.
  10. ^ a b Heller, Susan; Dunlap, David W. (August 25, 1986). "New York Day By Day; Big Name And Short Road". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  11. ^ Ingraham, Joseph C. (April 23, 1959). "Relocation Is Almost Completed Near George Washington Bridge". The New York Times. p. 33. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  12. ^ "Streets to be Raised – Girders to Be Placed Today to Span Bridge Approach". The New York Times. December 14, 1959. p. 38. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  13. ^ Ingraham, Joseph C. (August 30, 1962). "Lower Deck of George Washington Bridge Is Opened". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
  14. ^ a b Nick Ravo (December 9, 1999). "Marvin Kratter, 84; Once Owned Ebbets Field". The New York Times. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
  15. ^ Chen, David (June 18, 2004). "Life on the Road – Learning to Sleep as Trucks Roar Through Basement". The New York Times. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
  16. ^ A Local Law in relation to renaming two thoroughfares and public places in the Borough of the Bronx, East 177th Street, and to amend the official map of the city of New York accordingly (2018-035). January 11, 2018.
  17. ^ Bennett, Charles G. (March 19, 1950). "CITY SPEEDS HIGHWAY PROGRAMS; Expressways, Arterial Roads Designed to Handle New Traffic Patterns to Result From Two Projected State Thruways". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
  18. ^ New York and New Jersey Tourgide Map (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Gulf Oil Company. 1960.
  19. ^ Ingraham, Joseph C. (October 5, 1958). "TO CONNECTICUT; New England Thruway to Open Direct Route From Bronx to Rhode Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
  20. ^ New York and Metropolitan New York (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. Sinclair Oil Corporation. 1964.
  21. ^ New York State Highways (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. State of New York Department of Commerce. 1969.
  22. ^ Ingraham, Joseph C. (February 18, 1957). "New Bridge Links Planned Uptown; Double Decking of George Washington Span to Bring Vast Changes in Area". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  23. ^ Ingraham, Joseph C. (January 1, 1961). "Around the Town: New York City's System of Bypasses is Beginning to Take Shape". The New York Times. p. X17. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
  24. ^ Bennett, Charles G. (June 14, 1957). "City Votes Change in Hudson Bridge – Port Agency Gets Go-Ahead for $183,000,000 Work on George Washington Span". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved December 3, 2008.
  25. ^ Ingraham, Joseph C. (April 23, 1959). "Relocation Is Almost Completed Near George Washington Bridge". The New York Times. p. 33. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  26. ^ "Streets to be Raised – Girders to Be Placed Today to Span Bridge Approach". The New York Times. December 14, 1959. p. 38. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  27. ^ Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
  28. ^ Ingraham, Joseph C. (August 30, 1962). "Lower Deck of George Washington Bridge Is Opened". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
  29. ^ Chen, David (June 18, 2004). "Life on the Road – Learning to Sleep as Trucks Roar Through Basement". The New York Times. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
  30. ^ "New England Thruway exit numbers to change". Gannett Westchester Newspapers. February 7, 1980. p. D3. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
  31. ^ "New England Thruway to Get New Exit Numbers; Last Exit to New York". The New York Times. February 17, 1980. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  32. ^ "Interchange/Exit Listing by Milepost". New York State Thruway. November 7, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  33. ^ a b "2014 Traffic Data Report for New York State" (PDF). New York State Department of Transportation. July 22, 2016. p. 79. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
  34. ^ a b "New York County Inventory Listing" (CSV). New York State Department of Transportation. August 7, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  35. ^ "Interstate 95" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  36. ^ a b c d New York State Department of Transportation (January 2017). Official Description of Highway Touring Routes, Bicycling Touring Routes, Scenic Byways, & Commemorative/Memorial Designations in New York State (PDF). Retrieved January 15, 2017.
  37. ^ a b Zupan, Jeffrey M.; Barone, Richard E.; Lee, Mathew H. (January 2011). "Upgrading to World Class: The Future of the New York Region's Airports" (PDF). Regional Plan Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
  38. ^ Cliness, Francis X. (March 25, 1971). "Lower Manhattan Road Killed Under State Plan". The New York Times. p. 78. Retrieved April 14, 2010.
  39. ^ Fowle, Farnsworth (October 23, 1968). "Van Wyck Roads Are Under Study: Better Use of Service Lanes Sought for Kennedy Traffic". The New York Times. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
  40. ^ "Expressway Plans". Regional Plan News (73–74). Regional Plan Association: 1–18. May 1964. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  41. ^ Expressway Plans. 1964. Retrieved April 19, 2018 – via nycroads.com. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  42. ^ New York State Highways (Map). Cartography by Rand McNally and Company. State of New York Department of Commerce. 1969.
  43. ^ "The Sheridan Expressway Study: Reconnecting the Neighborhoods Around the Sheridan Expressway and Improving Access to Hunts Point" (PDF). City of New York. December 2013. p. 3. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  44. ^ 30 Years of Progress: 1934–1965 (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. June 9, 1964. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
  45. ^ Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (September 24, 2017). "Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2019. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
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Interstate 95
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